11/5/2023 0 Comments Peppermint oil for rats pricePeppermint oil has been used as a spasmolytic agent in esophageal disorders though only in the short term. 43 Using double contrast esophageal barium studies Mizuno et al. 43 Peppermint oil increased the likelihood of reflux by causing equal pressures across the esophageal body, lower esophageal sphincter, and stomach. demonstrated peppermint oil decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Using esophageal manometry Sigmund et al. The effects of peppermint oil on esophageal function have been studied in healthy adults. Unless otherwise indicated data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. 15 Finally, Kim and colleagues also provided evidence that prostaglandin production also is involved in stimulating the effects of menthol on the interstitial cells of Cajal. 15 G protein stimulation as well as external Ca 2+ and release from intracellular stores also appear to be involved. showed via a whole cell patch clamp technique that menthol acts via the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 ( TRPA1) receptor to induce membrane potential depolarization in a concentration dependent manner. Using cultured murine small intestine interstitial cells of Cajal, Kim et al. Peppermint oil may also directly affect the enteric nervous system. 14 Its action did not involve activation of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 ( TRPM8) channel or nitrous oxide. 13 Amato et al., using samples obtained at the time of surgery, observed that menthol induces circular smooth muscle relaxation in human colon by directly inhibiting contractility through the blockade of Ca 2+ influx through sarcolemma L-type Ca 2+ channels. 12 In vitro studies using guinea pig colon and rabbit jejunum smooth muscle suggest peppermint oil reverses acetylcholine induced contraction and antagonizes serotonin-induced contraction through calcium channel blockade. showed in guinea pig ileal smooth muscle in vitro that both peppermint oil and its constituent menthol were capable of blocking calcium channels. 7, 8, 11Įffects on Gastrointestinal Tract Neuromotor FunctionĮvidence suggests that peppermint oil acts as a smooth muscle relaxant. Peppermint oil metabolites are excreted in the urine in part as glucuronic acid conjugates with ≥ 50% of a 100 mg oral dose of menthol appearing in urine as menthol glucuronide. Following biliary excretion, menthol glucuronide undergoes enterohepatic circulation. ![]() 9, 10 Therefore there is the potential for pharmacogenomics and other substances which impact either CYP2A6 or UGT2B7 activity to alter peppermint oil’s concentration-time curve. 3, 5 In particular, data show the importance of both CYP2A6 (the major P450 enzyme involved in menthol hydroxylation) and UGT2B7 expression in determining menthol clearance. 2, 3 Menthol is excreted into bile as menthol glucuronide. Menthol is primarily metabolized in the liver via hepatic microsomal P450 enzymes and subsequently undergoes biotransformation via UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. 8 In addition, development (reflected by age) may impact the pharmacokinetics of menthol as we showed in a pilot study in healthy children administered peppermint oil. 6 A L-menthol preparation sprayed directly onto the gastric mucosa was rapidly absorbed with peak concentrations reached within one hour after administration. ![]() 7 However, as noted, pharmacokinetics are greatly dependent on the formulation used. 6 In healthy adults, an oral dose of 100 mg of menthol results in an average peak blood concentration of 16.7 ± 5.5 μmol/L and an apparent elimination t 1/2 of 56 ± 8 min. The delayed release formulation did not alter the absorption half-life or total area under the curve. non-delayed release formulations) altered menthol urinary pharmacokinetics by increasing the apparent lag time and time to peak plasma concentrations. 5 Though done in a small study (n=13), delayed release formulations of peppermint oil (vs. ![]() 3, 5, 6 However, when taken in capsule form designed for delayed release, approximately 70% reaches the colon. 3, 4 Studies in rats and limited data in humans demonstrate that peppermint oil is rapidly absorbed. 3 The main constituent and active ingredient of peppermint oil appears to be menthol although it contains a large number (greater than 80) of other components. Pharmacokinetic data relating to peppermint oil in humans are limited.
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